Inclusive Learning in Primary Schools: A Literature Analysis of Approaches and Challenges

Abstract

Inclusive education aims to provide equal learning opportunities for all students, including children with special needs, in a welcoming and supportive environment for diversity. This article reviews the literature on inclusive education in elementary schools with a focus on the approaches used, challenges faced, and effective strategies in their implementation. Approaches such as integrated instruction, differentiation, and evidence-based approaches such as the bio-psycho-social framework have been found to be effective in creating inclusive learning environments. However, there are challenges, including limited resources, lack of teacher training, and inconsistent policies. This article highlights the importance of collaboration between stakeholders, such as teachers, families, communities, and governments, to overcome these barriers. Inclusive curriculum development, technology integration, and ongoing teacher training are recommended as key strategies to support inclusive education. This research is expected to contribute to the development of inclusive education practices in Indonesia and globally.